## Matplotlib.¶

Import the matplotlib.pyplot module under the name plt (the tidy way):

In [2]:
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt


You'll also need to use this line to see plots in the notebook:

In [3]:
%matplotlib inline


That line is only for jupyter notebooks, if you are using another editor, you'll use: plt.show() at the end of all your plotting commands to have the figure pop up in another window.

# Basic Example¶

Let's walk through a very simple example using two numpy arrays:

### Example¶

Let's walk through a very simple example using two numpy arrays. You can also use lists, but most likely you'll be passing numpy arrays or pandas columns (which essentially also behave like arrays).

The data we want to plot:

In [4]:
import numpy as np
x = np.linspace(0, 5, 11)
y = x ** 2

In [5]:
x

Out[5]:
array([0. , 0.5, 1. , 1.5, 2. , 2.5, 3. , 3.5, 4. , 4.5, 5. ])
In [6]:
y

Out[6]:
array([ 0.  ,  0.25,  1.  ,  2.25,  4.  ,  6.25,  9.  , 12.25, 16.  ,
20.25, 25.  ])

## Basic Matplotlib Commands¶

We can create a very simple line plot using the following ( I encourage you to pause and use Shift+Tab along the way to check out the document strings for the functions we are using).

In [7]:
plt.plot(x, y, 'r') # 'r' is the color red
plt.xlabel('X Axis Title Here')
plt.ylabel('Y Axis Title Here')
plt.title('String Title Here')
plt.show()


## Creating Multiplots on Same Canvas¶

In [8]:
# plt.subplot(nrows, ncols, plot_number)
plt.subplot(1,2,1)
plt.plot(x, y, 'r--') # More on color options later
plt.subplot(1,2,2)
plt.plot(y, x, 'g*-');


# Matplotlib Object Oriented Method¶

Now that we've seen the basics, let's break it all down with a more formal introduction of Matplotlib's Object Oriented API. This means we will instantiate figure objects and then call methods or attributes from that object.

## Introduction to the Object Oriented Method¶

The main idea in using the more formal Object Oriented method is to create figure objects and then just call methods or attributes off of that object. This approach is nicer when dealing with a canvas that has multiple plots on it.

To begin we create a figure instance. Then we can add axes to that figure:

In [9]:
# Create Figure (empty canvas)
fig = plt.figure()

# Add set of axes to figure
axes = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8]) # left, bottom, width, height (range 0 to 1)

# Plot on that set of axes
axes.plot(x, y, 'b')
axes.set_xlabel('Set X Label') # Notice the use of set_ to begin methods
axes.set_ylabel('Set y Label')
axes.set_title('Set Title')

Out[9]:
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Set Title')

Code is a little more complicated, but the advantage is that we now have full control of where the plot axes are placed, and we can easily add more than one axis to the figure:

In [10]:
# Creates blank canvas
fig = plt.figure()

axes1 = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8]) # main axes or larger axes
axes2 = fig.add_axes([0.2, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3]) # insert axes

# Larger Figure Axes 1
axes1.plot(x, y, 'b')
axes1.set_xlabel('X_label_axes2')
axes1.set_ylabel('Y_label_axes2')
axes1.set_title('Axes 2 Title')

# Insert Figure Axes 2
axes2.plot(y, x, 'r')
axes2.set_xlabel('X_label_axes2')
axes2.set_ylabel('Y_label_axes2')
axes2.set_title('Axes 2 Title');


## subplots()¶

The plt.subplots() object will act as a more automatic axis manager.

Basic use cases:

In [11]:
# Use similar to plt.figure() except use tuple unpacking to grab fig and axes
fig, axes = plt.subplots()

# Now use the axes object to add stuff to plot
axes.plot(x, y, 'r')
axes.set_xlabel('x')
axes.set_ylabel('y')
axes.set_title('title');


Then you can specify the number of rows and columns when creating the subplots() object:

In [12]:
# Empty canvas of 1 by 2 subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2)

In [13]:
# Axes is an array of axes to plot on
axes

Out[13]:
array([<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000007E21630>,
<matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot object at 0x0000000007EDA978>],
dtype=object)

We can iterate through this array:

In [14]:
for ax in axes:
ax.plot(x, y, 'b')
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_title('title')

# Display the figure object
fig

Out[14]:

A common issue with matplolib is overlapping subplots or figures. We ca use fig.tight_layout() or plt.tight_layout() method, which automatically adjusts the positions of the axes on the figure canvas so that there is no overlapping content:

In [15]:
fig, axes = plt.subplots(nrows=1, ncols=2)

for ax in axes:
ax.plot(x, y, 'g')
ax.set_xlabel('x')
ax.set_ylabel('y')
ax.set_title('title')

fig
plt.tight_layout()


### Figure size, aspect ratio and DPI¶

Matplotlib allows the aspect ratio, DPI and figure size to be specified when the Figure object is created. You can use the figsize and dpi keyword arguments.

• figsize is a tuple of the width and height of the figure in inches
• dpi is the dots-per-inch (pixel per inch).

For example:

In [16]:
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8,4), dpi=100)

<Figure size 800x400 with 0 Axes>

The same arguments can also be passed to layout managers, such as the subplots function:

In [17]:
fig, axes = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,3))

axes.plot(x, y, 'r')
axes.set_xlabel('x')
axes.set_ylabel('y')
axes.set_title('title');


## Saving figures¶

Matplotlib can generate high-quality output in a number formats, including PNG, JPG, EPS, SVG, PGF and PDF.

To save a figure to a file we can use the savefig method in the Figure class:

In [18]:
fig.savefig("filename.png")


Here we can also optionally specify the DPI and choose between different output formats:

In [19]:
fig.savefig("filename.png", dpi=200)


## Legends, labels and titles¶

Now that we have covered the basics of how to create a figure canvas and add axes instances to the canvas, let's look at how decorate a figure with titles, axis labels, and legends.

Figure titles

A title can be added to each axis instance in a figure. To set the title, use the set_title method in the axes instance:

In [20]:
ax.set_title("title");


Axis labels

Similarly, with the methods set_xlabel and set_ylabel, we can set the labels of the X and Y axes:

In [21]:
ax.set_xlabel("x")
ax.set_ylabel("y");


### Legends¶

You can use the label="label text" keyword argument when plots or other objects are added to the figure, and then using the legend method without arguments to add the legend to the figure:

In [22]:
fig = plt.figure()

ax.plot(x, x**2, label="x**2")
ax.plot(x, x**3, label="x**3")
ax.legend()

Out[22]:
<matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x81e6438>

Notice how are legend overlaps some of the actual plot!

The legend function takes an optional keyword argument loc that can be used to specify where in the figure the legend is to be drawn. The allowed values of loc are numerical codes for the various places the legend can be drawn. See the documentation page for details. Some of the most common loc values are:

In [23]:
# Lots of options....

ax.legend(loc=1) # upper right corner
ax.legend(loc=2) # upper left corner
ax.legend(loc=3) # lower left corner
ax.legend(loc=4) # lower right corner

# .. many more options are available

# Most common to choose
ax.legend(loc=0) # let matplotlib decide the optimal location
fig

Out[23]:

## Setting colors, linewidths, linetypes¶

Matplotlib gives you a lot of options for customizing colors, linewidths, and linetypes.

There is the basic MATLAB like syntax (which I would suggest you avoid using for more clairty sake:

### Colors with MatLab like syntax¶

With matplotlib, we can define the colors of lines and other graphical elements in a number of ways. First of all, we can use the MATLAB-like syntax where 'b' means blue, 'g' means green, etc. The MATLAB API for selecting line styles are also supported: where, for example, 'b.-' means a blue line with dots:

In [24]:
# MATLAB style line color and style
fig, ax = plt.subplots()
ax.plot(x, x**2, 'b.-') # blue line with dots
ax.plot(x, x**3, 'g--') # green dashed line

Out[24]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x87d4dd8>]

### Colors with the color= parameter¶

We can also define colors by their names or RGB hex codes and optionally provide an alpha value using the color and alpha keyword arguments. Alpha indicates opacity.

In [25]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots()

ax.plot(x, x+1, color="blue", alpha=0.5) # half-transparant
ax.plot(x, x+2, color="#8B008B")        # RGB hex code
ax.plot(x, x+3, color="#FF8C00")        # RGB hex code

Out[25]:
[<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x7f936d8>]

### Line and marker styles¶

To change the line width, we can use the linewidth or lw keyword argument. The line style can be selected using the linestyle or ls keyword arguments:

In [26]:
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(12,6))

ax.plot(x, x+1, color="red", linewidth=0.25)
ax.plot(x, x+2, color="red", linewidth=0.50)
ax.plot(x, x+3, color="red", linewidth=1.00)
ax.plot(x, x+4, color="red", linewidth=2.00)

# possible linestype options ‘-‘, ‘–’, ‘-.’, ‘:’, ‘steps’
ax.plot(x, x+5, color="green", lw=3, linestyle='-')
ax.plot(x, x+6, color="green", lw=3, ls='-.')
ax.plot(x, x+7, color="green", lw=3, ls=':')

# custom dash
line, = ax.plot(x, x+8, color="black", lw=1.50)
line.set_dashes([5, 10, 15, 10]) # format: line length, space length, ...

# possible marker symbols: marker = '+', 'o', '*', 's', ',', '.', '1', '2', '3', '4', ...
ax.plot(x, x+ 9, color="blue", lw=3, ls='-', marker='+')
ax.plot(x, x+10, color="blue", lw=3, ls='--', marker='o')
ax.plot(x, x+11, color="blue", lw=3, ls='-', marker='s')
ax.plot(x, x+12, color="blue", lw=3, ls='--', marker='1')

# marker size and color
ax.plot(x, x+13, color="purple", lw=1, ls='-', marker='o', markersize=2)
ax.plot(x, x+14, color="purple", lw=1, ls='-', marker='o', markersize=4)
ax.plot(x, x+15, color="purple", lw=1, ls='-', marker='o', markersize=8, markerfacecolor="red")
ax.plot(x, x+16, color="purple", lw=1, ls='-', marker='s', markersize=8,
markerfacecolor="yellow", markeredgewidth=3, markeredgecolor="green");


### Control over axis appearance¶

In this section we will look at controlling axis sizing properties in a matplotlib figure.

## Plot range¶

We can configure the ranges of the axes using the set_ylim and set_xlim methods in the axis object, or axis('tight') for automatically getting "tightly fitted" axes ranges:

In [27]:
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 3, figsize=(12, 4))

axes[0].plot(x, x**2, x, x**3)
axes[0].set_title("default axes ranges")

axes[1].plot(x, x**2, x, x**3)
axes[1].axis('tight')
axes[1].set_title("tight axes")

axes[2].plot(x, x**2, x, x**3)
axes[2].set_ylim([0, 60])
axes[2].set_xlim([2, 5])
axes[2].set_title("custom axes range");


# Special Plot Types¶

There are many specialized plots we can create, such as barplots, histograms, scatter plots, and much more. Most of these type of plots we will actually create using seaborn, a statistical plotting library for Python. But here are a few examples of these type of plots:

### Mtplotlib - Scatter plot¶

In [28]:
plt.scatter(x,y)

Out[28]:
<matplotlib.collections.PathCollection at 0x8852f28>

### Matplotlib - Histogarm¶

In [43]:
# draw a histogram

#Define figure size
plt.figure(figsize = (10,10))

#Define data and bins
pop_age = [22,55,62,45,21,22,34,42,42,102,95,85,55,110,120,70,80,75,65,54,44,43,42,48]

#Define interval size
bins = [0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100]

#Draw histogram
plt.hist(pop_age,bins,histtype='bar',width=5.0)

#Define xlabel,ylabel and title
plt.xlabel('age group')
plt.ylabel('No of people')
plt.title('Histogram')

Out[43]:
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Histogram')

### Matplotlib - BoxPlot¶

In [30]:
data = [np.random.normal(0, std, 100) for std in range(1, 4)]

# rectangular box plot
plt.boxplot(data,vert=True,patch_artist=True);


### Matplotlib - Barchart¶

In [46]:
#Lets plot a bar graph.

plt.figure(figsize = (10,10))

objects = ('Python', 'C++', 'Java', 'Perl', 'Scala', 'Lisp')
y_pos = np.arange(len(objects))
performance = [10,8,6,4,2,1]

plt.bar(y_pos, performance, align='center', alpha=0.5)
plt.xticks(y_pos, objects)
plt.ylabel('Usage')
plt.title('Programming language usage')

Out[46]:
Text(0.5, 1.0, 'Programming language usage')

### Matplotlib - Pie Chart¶

In [47]:
# Data to plot
labels = 'Python', 'C++', 'Ruby', 'Java'
sizes = [215, 130, 245, 210]
colors = ['gold', 'yellowgreen', 'lightcoral', 'lightskyblue']
explode = (0.1, 0, 0, 0)  # explode 1st slice

# Plot
plt.pie(sizes, explode=explode, labels=labels, colors=colors,

Out[47]:
([<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x8039240>,
<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x7f11748>,
<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x818d9e8>,
<matplotlib.patches.Wedge at 0x81a07b8>],
[Text(-1.1872031688962614, -0.17478168028336183, 'Python'),
Text(-0.07673205947540485, -1.0973204595963126, 'C++'),
Text(1.084515504613789, -0.18391878711077495, 'Ruby'),
Text(-0.052775982521809296, 1.098733223156949, 'Java')],
[Text(-0.6925351818561524, -0.10195598016529439, '26.9%'),
Text(-0.041853850622948094, -0.5985384325070796, '16.2%'),
Text(0.5915539116075212, -0.10031933842405905, '30.6%'),
Text(-0.02878689955735052, 0.5993090308128812, '26.2%')])
In [ ]: